1769–1830s
Forced assimilationBook sources
California mission system
Alta California; numerous Indigenous nations
Franciscan missions and Spanish military garrisons imposed labor and religious discipline, restricted mobility, and punished resistance. Dunbar-Ortiz emphasizes coercion behind later romantic portrayals of the missions.
Dates preserve the source’s precision. This entry is part of a selected historical record; its qualifications and sources are retained below.
Context / qualification
The book’s 1823 secularization date needs correction: Mexican secularization legislation belongs to 1833, with implementation thereafter.
Sources
- Roxanne Dunbar-Ortiz, An Indigenous Peoples’ History of the United States (2014), chapter 7
- Roxanne Dunbar-Ortiz, An Indigenous Peoples’ History of the United States (2014), chapter 7
- Roxanne Dunbar-Ortiz, An Indigenous Peoples’ History of the United States (2014), chapter 7