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1903

Court decisionBook sources

Lone Wolf v. Hitchcock

United States; Kiowa, Comanche, Apache and other Native nations

The Supreme Court upheld broad congressional power over tribal property and treaty relations. The ruling weakened treaty-based protection against unilateral federal land decisions.

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Context / qualification

The case concerns Congress’s claimed plenary power; it is not merely a ruling on the 1871 rider.

Sources

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Jim Crow, exclusion, and imperial expansion

Segregation, racial violence, immigration exclusion, and forced assimilation shaped everyday life and national policy.

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