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1870

Legislation / citizenshipSupplement

Naturalization extended to African nativity and descent

United States; Black immigrants and excluded Asian immigrants

Congress expanded naturalization eligibility to people of African nativity or descent. It retained a racial framework that continued to exclude many Asian immigrants.

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Context / qualification

An expansion of rights within a still-discriminatory system.

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Civil War, emancipation, and Reconstruction

Emancipation and constitutional change opened a democratic possibility that white terror and political retreat would sharply limit.

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