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1680

Resistance / redressBook sources

Pueblo Revolt against Spanish rule

New Mexico; Pueblo nations and allies

Pueblo communities expelled Spanish authorities after religious repression and labor exploitation. The revolt interrupted colonial rule for twelve years and belongs in the timeline as organized resistance to the preceding regime.

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Context / qualification

Resistance entry, not a designation of the revolt itself as racist.

Sources

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Indigenous societies and colonial beginnings

European expansion transformed existing Indigenous worlds and began the legal and economic systems that would racialize land, labor, and belonging.

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