1919
Racial violenceSupplement
Red Summer
United States; Black communities, including returning veterans
A wave of white attacks and racial violence struck cities and rural communities. Black residents organized in self-defense while the violence challenged expectations that wartime service would secure equal citizenship.
Dates preserve the source’s precision. This entry is part of a selected historical record; its qualifications and sources are retained below.
Context / qualification
A national pattern entry; individual massacres require separate local chronologies and casualty estimates.