1863–1864
Violence / forced removalBook sources
Scorched-earth campaign and Navajo Long Walk
Diné homelands to Bosque Redondo, New Mexico
Military destruction of crops and livestock forced surrender and removal. Thousands of Diné people were marched to confinement, where inadequate food and harsh conditions caused extensive suffering and death.
Dates preserve the source’s precision. This entry is part of a selected historical record; its qualifications and sources are retained below.
Context / qualification
Removal and imprisonment lasted beyond the marches; exact mortality is uncertain.
Sources
- Roxanne Dunbar-Ortiz, An Indigenous Peoples’ History of the United States (2014), chapter 8
- Roxanne Dunbar-Ortiz, An Indigenous Peoples’ History of the United States (2014), chapter 8