1861–1865

Slavery and Civil War within Indian Territory

Indian Territory; enslaved Black people and Native nations

Slaveholding elites in the Five Nations aligned with the Confederacy, while other Indigenous people opposed it or sought neutrality. Black self-emancipation and Native participation on different sides expose overlapping systems of domination.

Dates preserve the source’s precision. This entry is part of a selected historical record; its qualifications and sources are retained below.

Context / qualification

Do not describe Indigenous peoples as uniformly proslavery or uniformly Unionist.

Sources

• Roxanne Dunbar-Ortiz, An Indigenous Peoples’ History of the United States (2014), chapter 8
• Roxanne Dunbar-Ortiz, An Indigenous Peoples’ History of the United States (2014), chapter 8
• Roxanne Dunbar-Ortiz, An Indigenous Peoples’ History of the United States (2014), chapter 8

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