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July 1905

Civil rights organizingBook sources

The Niagara Movement demands full civil and political rights

Ontario, Canada; United States

Black activists including W. E. B. Du Bois and William Monroe Trotter organized the Niagara Movement. They demanded voting rights, equal treatment before the law and an end to racial discrimination.

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Context / qualification

The founding meeting was in Canada in 1905; the Harpers Ferry meeting followed in 1906. The movement preceded the NAACP and should not be treated as the same organization.

Sources

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Jim Crow, exclusion, and imperial expansion

Segregation, racial violence, immigration exclusion, and forced assimilation shaped everyday life and national policy.

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