1913
Legislation / propertySupplement
California Alien Land Law
California; Japanese and other immigrants ineligible for naturalization
California restricted land ownership by immigrants barred from citizenship under federal racial rules. Linking property rights to naturalization eligibility translated federal racial exclusion into local dispossession.
Dates preserve the source’s precision. This entry is part of a selected historical record; its qualifications and sources are retained below.
Context / qualification
U.S.-born children’s citizenship created a legally distinct position, illustrated by the Harada family litigation.