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1913

Court decisionBook sources

United States v. Sandoval and paternalistic federal protection

New Mexico; Pueblo peoples

Federal protection of Pueblo lands and affairs was supported by judicial language portraying Pueblo people as inferior and dependent. The decision illustrates how protective outcomes could rest on racist reasoning.

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Context / qualification

Mixed outcome: protection against some intrusions alongside racialized paternalism.

Sources

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Jim Crow, exclusion, and imperial expansion

Segregation, racial violence, immigration exclusion, and forced assimilation shaped everyday life and national policy.

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