1879 onward
Forced assimilationBook sources
Carlisle Indian Industrial School and off-reservation boarding schools
Pennsylvania and wider United States; Indigenous children
The federal boarding-school model separated children from families and suppressed Native languages, religious practices, and identities. Punishment and abuse damaged children and disrupted intergenerational cultural transmission.
Dates preserve the source’s precision. This entry is part of a selected historical record; its qualifications and sources are retained below.
Context / qualification
Experiences varied by institution and period; this entry concerns the coercive system, not every student’s later choices.
Sources
- Roxanne Dunbar-Ortiz, An Indigenous Peoples’ History of the United States (2014), chapter 8
- Roxanne Dunbar-Ortiz, An Indigenous Peoples’ History of the United States (2014), chapter 11