1899–1902 and continuing resistance
Colonial warBook sources
Filipinos resist United States colonial rule
Philippines
War broke out between U.S. forces and Filipino independence forces after Spain agreed to transfer the Philippines to the United States. U.S. arguments for colonial rule invoked claims that Filipinos could not govern themselves; military operations inflicted severe harm on civilians.
Dates preserve the source’s precision. This entry is part of a selected historical record; its qualifications and sources are retained below.
Context / qualification
The U.S. declaration ending the war in July 1902 did not end all resistance. Territorial cession by Spain did not establish Filipino consent, and civilian deaths from violence, disease and famine cannot be collapsed into one verified count here.
Sources
- Howard Zinn, A People’s History of the United States, chapter 12, pp. 313–320; supplied print pages, edition/year unidentified
- U.S. Department of State: The Philippine-American War, 1899–1902 ↗