1817–1818

First Seminole War and invasion of Spanish Florida

Florida; Seminoles and Black Seminoles

U.S. campaigns attacked settlements and sought to recover people who had escaped slavery. The intertwined defense of Native autonomy and Black freedom made these communities targets.

Dates preserve the source’s precision. This entry is part of a selected historical record; its qualifications and sources are retained below.

Context / qualification

The book uses 1817–1819; campaign period is commonly dated 1817–1818. The 1819 cession treaty took effect in 1821.

Sources

• Roxanne Dunbar-Ortiz, An Indigenous Peoples’ History of the United States (2014), chapter 6
• Roxanne Dunbar-Ortiz, An Indigenous Peoples’ History of the United States (2014), chapter 6

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