1872–1873
Violence / forced removalBook sources
Modoc War and punishment of the surviving community
Northern California and Oregon; Modoc people
Conflict over forced relocation culminated in military defeat, execution of four leaders, and removal of survivors to Indian Territory. The campaign joined suppression of resistance to destruction of community autonomy.
Dates preserve the source’s precision. This entry is part of a selected historical record; its qualifications and sources are retained below.
Context / qualification
The executions occurred at Fort Klamath, not Alcatraz as the ebook states.
Sources
- Roxanne Dunbar-Ortiz, An Indigenous Peoples’ History of the United States (2014), conclusion
- National Park Service: Modoc War ↗