1893–1894
Labor exclusionBook sources
The American Railway Union excludes Black railroad workers
United States; Pullman, Illinois
The American Railway Union organized white railway workers across occupational lines while excluding Black workers from membership. This exclusion kept Black porters outside the union during the Pullman conflict.
Dates preserve the source’s precision. This entry is part of a selected historical record; its qualifications and sources are retained below.
Context / qualification
Industrial unionism did not necessarily mean racial inclusion. Black workers’ responses to the 1894 strike varied; exclusion does not establish a single view shared by all Black workers.
Sources
- Howard Zinn, A People’s History of the United States, chapter 11, pp. 278–281; supplied print pages, edition/year unidentified
- National Park Service: Pullman Historic Resource Study, racial exclusion and the ARU ↗