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1896

Civil rights organizingBook sources

Black women form the National Association of Colored Women

United States

Black women’s clubs joined in a national association that combined community work with campaigns against racial injustice. Mary Church Terrell became its first president.

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Context / qualification

The national association formed in 1896, before the early twentieth-century organizing discussed around it in the chapter. Members varied in class position, priorities and strategies; the organization did not speak for every Black woman.

Sources

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Jim Crow, exclusion, and imperial expansion

Segregation, racial violence, immigration exclusion, and forced assimilation shaped everyday life and national policy.

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